"Time" Summary

Reference: Wikipedia TIME

Time has been defined as the continuum in which events occur in succession from the past to the present and on to the future.[1] Time has also been defined as a one-dimensional quantity[2] used to sequence events, to quantify the durations of events and the intervals between them, and (used together with other quantities such as space) to quantify and measure the motions of objects and other changes.[3] Time is quantified in comparative terms (such as longer, shorter, faster, quicker, slower) or in numerical terms using units (such as seconds, minutes, hours, days). Time has been a major subject of religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a non-controversial manner applicable to all fields of study has consistently eluded the greatest scholars.

Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in the International System of Units. Time is used to define other quantities — such as velocity — so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition.[4] An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy.

Among prominent philosophers, there are two distinct viewpoints on time. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time.[5][6] Time travel, in this view, becomes a possibility as other "times" persist like frames of a film strip, spread out across the time line. The opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of "container" that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with space and number) within which humans sequence and compare events.[7] This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz[8] and Immanuel Kant,[9][10] holds that time is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled.

Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined in terms of radiation emitted by caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value ("time is money") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans.

Ray Cummings, an early writer of science fiction, wrote in 1922, "Time… is what keeps everything from happening at once",[11] a sentence repeated by scientists such as C. J. Overbeck,[12] and John Archibald Wheeler.[13][14]

Contents
1 Temporal measurement
1.1 History of the calendar
1.2 History of time measurement devices
2 Definitions and standards
2.1 World time
2.2 Sidereal time
2.3 Chronology
3 Religion
3.1 Linear and cyclical time
3.2 Numeric and Divine time
4 Philosophy
4.1 Time as "unreal"
5 Physical definition
5.1 Classical mechanics
5.2 Modern physics
5.3 Spacetime
5.4 Time dilation
5.5 Relativistic time versus Newtonian time
5.6 Arrow of time
5.7 Quantised time
6 Time and the Big Bang
6.1 Speculative physics beyond the Big Bang
7 Time travel
8 Judgement of time
8.1 Biopsychology
8.2 Alterations
9 Use of time
10 See also
10.1 Books
10.2 Organizations
10.3 Miscellaneous arts and sciences
10.4 Miscellaneous units of time
11 Notes and references
12 Further reading
13 External links
13.1 Perception of time
13.2 Physics
13.3 Philosophy
13.4 Timekeeping
13.5 Miscellaneous
14 Navigation templates

To be continued

11:13　2010/08/18